These principles are fundamental guidelines to consider when designing learning materials, especially when using multimedia content to ensure effective learning.

1. Multiple Representations Principle: The first principle suggests that learning materials should use different sensory representations (e.g., text, graphics, video, audio). Allowing learners to receive information through both visual and auditory means can enhance understanding and retention.
2. Visual and Auditory Integration Principle: This principle encourages integrating text-based information with visual and auditory elements. For example, supporting a text explanation with a relevant image or graphic is recommended. This can help learners better comprehend the information.
3. Non-Verbal Expression Principle: This principle emphasizes that textual explanations and audio instructions should avoid unnecessary repetitions. Learning materials should be designed so that text and audio complement each other without redundancy.
4. Convergence Principle: This principle states that learning materials should not distract learners. Instead of presenting too many visual or auditory stimuli, the focus should be on the main learning objectives, and materials should be simplified.
5. Explanation Principle: This principle highlights the need to reduce the complexity of learning materials. Presenting information in an explanatory, understandable, and simple language can increase the effectiveness of learning materials.